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Graham Creek
Graham Creek is a 〔U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. (The National Map ), accessed March 10, 2011〕 perennial stream in Sonoma County, California, tributary to Sonoma Creek.〔''Santa Rosa Quadrangle'', Fifteen minute series, USGS Quadrangle Map, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC (1958)〕 Graham Creek rises in the northern Sonoma Mountains and flows generally northeasterly down the northeastern flank of Sonoma Mountain. Historically this watercourse was called Wild Water Creek, a name used in the time of author Jack London, some of whose work was inspired by the stream.〔(Historical association with author Jack London )〕 Steelhead, ''Oncorhynchus mykiss'', have historically entered Graham Creek via Sonoma Creek for spawning. Stream surveys conducted from 1966 to 1986 indicated significant, but declining populations of anadromous fish.〔Leidy, R.A, G.S. Becker and B.N. Harvey, ''(Historical distribution and current status of steelhead/rainbow trout (''Oncorhynchus mykiss'') in streams of the San Francisco Estuary )'', Center for Ecosystem Management, Oakland, Ca. (2005)〕 The spawning habitat of Graham Creek is considered medium to high value, with both winter and summer sheltering characteristics.〔Caitlin Cornwall, ''Measuring the Success of Salmonoid Habitat Restoration at Multiple Scales'', Sonoma Ecology Center, Glen Ellen, Ca. (2004)〕
Land uses in the watershed are primarily open space, agriculture and low density residential uses; waste disposal within the watershed contains no municipal collection system and consists totally of septic and lagoon treatment. Most of the watershed is covered with native California oak woodland habitat populated with a variety of riparian and upland flora and fauna. Historical grazing that began in the 19th century caused certain ecological damage, some of which has been reversed by the present time.
==History==
Archeological surface surveys indicate that the Graham Creek watershed was used as a seasonal hunting and gathering ground by prehistoric Pomo and Wappo people, who traveled extensively to forage and barter. The earliest historical records show the property was within a Spanish Land Grant in the 1860s. By the late 1890s much of the lower watershed had been overgrazed, as noted by Jack London who purchased numerous ranches comprising the lower reaches in the early 20th century. London commented that he wished to reverse the ecological damage in the watershed, which was caused by construction of check dams and animal grazing by the early European pioneers.〔Milo Shepard, ''The Jack London Story and the Beauty Ranch'', Calisphere, University of California (2001)〕
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